Kathmandu Durbar Square

Kathmandu Durbar Square, also known as Hanuman Dhoka Durbar Square, is one of the most significant historical and cultural sites in Nepal. Located in the heart of Kathmandu, this UNESCO World Heritage Site offers a glimpse into the country’s rich past, its art, architecture, and the daily lives of its people. As the center of power and royal residence for centuries, it has been a focal point for politics, religion, and social life in Nepal. Below, we’ll explore the key attractions and features of Kathmandu Durbar Square, highlighting its historical and architectural importance.

A Brief History of Kathmandu Durbar Square

Kathmandu Durbar Square has a history that stretches back to the Licchavi period (around the 3rd century). However, the majority of the structures seen today were built during the Malla period (1200–1769). It was the royal palace for the Malla kings and later the Shah dynasty, serving as the ceremonial and political center of the Kathmandu Valley for many centuries.

In 1979, UNESCO designated the site as a World Heritage Site due to its cultural and historical significance. Unfortunately, parts of the Durbar Square were damaged in the 2015 earthquake, but restoration efforts are ongoing.

Key Attractions in Kathmandu Durbar Square

1. Hanuman Dhoka Palace The Hanuman Dhoka Palace complex is named after the stone statue of Hanuman, the Hindu monkey god, placed at the main entrance in 1672 by King Pratap Malla. The palace itself, originally built in the 16th century, was expanded by several kings and now occupies a large area in the square. Visitors can explore the ancient courtyards (chowks) and the various chambers of the palace.
   • Nasal Chowk: One of the main courtyards, Nasal Chowk, was used for royal coronations. Its name comes from the statue of the dancing Shiva (Nasahdyah), which is located here. The courtyard is surrounded by intricately carved wooden windows and doors, showcasing Newar craftsmanship.
   • Tribhuvan Museum: Inside the palace complex is the Tribhuvan Museum, which offers a detailed look at the life and reign of King Tribhuvan (1906–1955), who played a crucial role in Nepal’s transition from monarchy to a constitutional monarchy.
2. Kumari Ghar (The Living Goddess) One of the most fascinating aspects of Kathmandu Durbar Square is the Kumari Ghar, the home of the Living Goddess, Kumari. The Kumari is a prepubescent girl selected from the Newar community, believed to be the physical incarnation of the Hindu goddess Taleju.The building itself is a stunning example of Newar architecture, with its beautifully carved wooden balconies and windows. Visitors can see the Kumari appear in one of the windows on special occasions. The tradition of the Living Goddess is a unique aspect of Nepalese culture, and the Kumari plays a significant role in various festivals, including Indra Jatra and Dashain.
3. Taleju Temple Located just north of the Hanuman Dhoka Palace, the Taleju Temple is one of the most important temples in the Kathmandu Valley. Dedicated to the goddess Taleju Bhawani, the royal deity of the Malla kings, it was built in the 16th century by King Mahendra Malla. The temple is built on a towering 12-stage plinth and is only open to Hindus during the annual Dashain festival.Its towering presence, visible from various parts of the square, is a highlight of the Durbar Square skyline. The temple’s interior is generally off-limits to the public, but the exterior architecture, with its multiple roofs and golden toranas (decorative arches), is awe-inspiring.
4. Jagannath Temple Another key attraction in Kathmandu Durbar Square is the Jagannath Temple, famous for its erotic carvings. Built during the reign of King Mahendra Malla in the 16th century, this temple is one of the oldest in the square. The intricate carvings on its roof struts, which depict various deities and scenes from everyday life, are a masterpiece of Newari woodwork.The temple is dedicated to Lord Jagannath, a form of Vishnu, and continues to be a place of active worship.
5. Shiva-Parvati Temple The Shiva-Parvati Temple is one of the smaller but more visually stunning temples in Durbar Square. Built in the 18th century, it features an elegant two-tiered pagoda design. The wooden figures of Shiva and Parvati, shown leaning out of a window on the upper floor of the temple, give the impression of the divine couple watching over the square below.
6. Kasthamandap Kasthamandap, a three-storied structure, was originally a community hall. It is said to have been built from the timber of a single sal tree in the 12th century, and its name is the origin of Kathmandu. Unfortunately, Kasthamandap was severely damaged in the 2015 earthquake, but restoration work is bringing it back to its former glory. The site holds a special place in the hearts of Kathmandu residents, as it was a hub for travelers and traders passing through the valley.
7. Maju Deval Maju Deval is one of the largest and most prominent temples in Durbar Square. It was built by Queen Riddhi Lakshmi during the 17th century and is dedicated to Shiva. Its triple-roofed structure rises above the square, offering great views of the surrounding area. It’s a popular spot for locals and tourists alike to sit on the steps and take in the atmosphere of the square.
8. Kal Bhairav The statue of Kal Bhairav, an eight-foot-tall figure of the wrathful manifestation of Lord Shiva, is another significant attraction in the square. The statue, believed to have been placed there in the 17th century, represents the fierce aspect of Shiva and is used in ceremonies where truth is to be established. It is said that anyone who lies in front of the statue will meet an untimely death.
9. Gaddi Baithak Gaddi Baithak, a neoclassical structure built in 1908, stands in contrast to the traditional Newar architecture of the square. The building was constructed during the reign of King Prithvi Bir Bikram Shah to house the royal throne room. While its European-style design may seem out of place, it is an important part of the Durbar Square’s architectural diversity.

Festivals and Celebrations

Kathmandu Durbar Square is not just a historical site; it’s a living part of the city, and many festivals are celebrated here throughout the year. The most notable is the Indra Jatra, a week-long festival that includes the Kumari Jatra, where the Living Goddess is paraded around the city on a chariot. Dashain and Tihar, the two biggest Hindu festivals in Nepal, are also celebrated with grandeur at Durbar Square.

Restoration and Preservation Efforts

The 2015 earthquake caused significant damage to many of the structures in Kathmandu Durbar Square. Restoration efforts are ongoing, with both local and international organizations working to preserve the cultural heritage of this iconic site. Visitors can observe these efforts and see how the site is being restored to its former glory.

Conclusion

Kathmandu Durbar Square is more than just a collection of temples and palaces; it is a testament to the rich cultural and historical heritage of Nepal. Its stunning architecture, vibrant history, and spiritual significance make it a must-visit destination for anyone interested in understanding the heart of Kathmandu. Despite the challenges posed by natural disasters, Kathmandu Durbar Square continues to be a symbol of resilience and pride for the Nepalese people, drawing visitors from around the world to explore its ancient treasures.